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14 o$="true ":
12 t$="true ":
8 t$="false":
6 o$="false":
6 e$="not correct":
4 t$="true "
4 o$="true "
4
2 s$="true "
2 s$="false"
2 r$="not correct"
2 r$="correct "
2 f$="true "
2 e$="correct ":
2 b$=" "
2 Second statement
2 Question ";n''"
2 Is the second statement true?
2 Is the 2nd statement a correct explanation of the 1st?
2 First Statement"
2 ;"Type y or n. "
2 ;"Type e for explanation/comment otherwise press the ENTER key."
2 ;"Type 1, 2 or 3."
2 ;"Press the ENTER key to continue."
2 ;"Is the first statement true?"
2 ;"1. A revision tutorial"''" 2. A simple test"''" 3. A copy of the questions"'" on your printer?";
2 ;" Educational Software "
2 ;"
2 ;"
2 )+("Well done."
2 )+("Very good."
2 )+("Good."
2 ("Excellent."
2 '"You correctly answered ";s;" out"'"of 10 questions."''
2 "correct "
2 "Your very low score indicates a poor understanding of this topic"
2 "You were wrong. "''l$
2 "You need to spend more time on this topic."
2 "You need to read through your notes and text-book again,"'"and then re-run this program."
2 "Well done."
2 "Well done, you were right.":
2 "No, You were wrong.":
2 "Good, you were right."''l$
2 "Do you want:";
2 "Do you want to run the program again?"
2 "Do you want to go through the questions in which you made"'"mistakes?"
2 "Both statements are true, and the 2nd is a correct explanationof the 1st."'l$'
2 " The second statement was ";t$;" ":
2 " The first statement was ";o$;" ":
2 is not the reason why
2 f$="false"
2 The fact that
2 Please type y
2 J J WARREN 1982
2 1982 J J Warren BSc ARCS Cert Ed "
1 physical change
1 overall charge +2
1 mass number
1 iron sulphide
1 into their constituent elements.":
1 have different masses.":
1 fractional
1 delocalised
1 chemical change
1 chem2 T4
1 chem1
1 atomic number
1 as a consequence of
1 Melting points/degrees Celsius:
1 Iron sulphide
1 Created with Ramsoft MakeTZX
1 ;"2"''"Such substances usually dissolvewell in organic solvents."''"The iodine molecules are attrac-ted to the solvent molecules by van der Waals forces, and so theiodine dissolves.":
1 ;"+ -"'" Na
1 ;" Elements, Compounds, Mixtures and Separations."
1 ;" Structure, Bonding and Properties."
1 2,8,2 2,8 2
1 ."''"Therefore graphite
1 ."''"The solid which remains in the filter paper is called the"'"
1 ."''"No new substance is formed -"'"ice and water are forms of the same chemical compound."''"Melting is a change of physical state.":
1 ."''"New substances (zinc sulphate and hydrogen) are formed.":
1 ''''" Elements, Compounds, Mixtures and Separations."''"________________________________"''''
1 ''''" Structure, Bonding and Properties."''"________________________________"''''
1 '"describes how the filter paper works, but does not explain why separation by filtration is"'"classified as a physical"'"separation technique.":
1 "Your answer was wrong."
1 "You were wrong."
1 "You cannot give a reason for a definition or commonly accepted term."''"Scientists have simply agreed to use the term in that way so that they can understand each other.":
1 "With dilute hydrochloric acid:"''"
1 "When two electrodes are placed in water, and an electric"'"current is passed, hydrogen and oxygen are formed."''"A small amount of sulphuric acidis normally added to increase the electrical conductivity."''"Two volumes of hydrogen are"'"formed for every one volume of oxygen."
1 "Well done, you were right."
1 "Water passes through the filter paper, but particles of sand"'"do not":
1 "Water is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and not a compound":
1 "Water is a
1 "Water can be split up by"'"electrolysis to give hydrogen and oxygen":
1 "Two different elements cannot have the same atomic number."''"The atomic number of neon is 10,and that of sodium is 11.":
1 "This is the definition of a"'"compound."''"When elements are chemically"'"bonded together, they can only be separated by chemical"'"processes."''"Chemical reactions can break thebonds between atoms."'"Physical processes cannot do"'"this.":
1 "This is a definition of the term""element""."''"""chemical means"" is stated so that radioactive decay and the atom-smashing methods of nuclearphysics are excluded.":
1 "This describes what happens"'"when the mixture of sand and"'"water is filtered."''"The liquid which passes through the filter paper is called the
1 "There is no simple relationship between colour and solubility, or between colour and extent of absorption."''"Therefore the colour of a"'"compound cannot
1 "There are no common solid"'"
1 "The term ""substances"" in this"'"context refers to either "'"elements or compounds."''"The statement is effectively"'"the definition of a physical"'"change.":
1 "The sodium ion and the neon atomhave the same electron"'"configurations":
1 "The sodium ion and the neon atomhave the same atomic number":
1 "The separation of sand from"'"water by filtration is a"'"physical method of separation":
1 "The reaction is started by"'"heating the magnesium strongly in a bunsen flame."''"The magnesium oxide formed has quite different properties to either the magnesium metal or the oxygen."''"A new compound is formed.":
1 "The properties of iron sulphide are different from those of ironand sulphur":
1 "The only solid elements which"'"conduct electricity are metals":
1 "The nitrogen atom has only threeelectrons in the outer shell":
1 "The nitrogen atom can form threecovalent bonds":
1 "The melting of ice to form wateris an example of a chemical"'"change":
1 "The melting of ice to form wateris a
1 "The magnesium atom has 12"'"protons in the nucleus, and 12 extra-nuclear electrons."''"Its electron configuration is 2,8,2"''"The two outer shell electrons are easily given up."''"This results in the formation of an ion with two positive"'"charges."
1 "The magnesium atom forms an ion with two positive charges":
1 "The magnesium atom forms an ion with two positive charges"'"
1 "The iodine atom has one less"'"outer shell electron than the"'"following rare gas":
1 "The distance moved by a"'"substance on chromatography"'"paper is determined by its"'"colour":
1 "The distance moved by a compoundon chromatography paper is"'"determined by:"''"
1 "The covalent bonds between the atoms of non-metals are rather weak":
1 "The coloured substances found ingrass can be separated by paper chromatography":
1 "The chromatogram is developed byallowing a solvent to rise up the paper by capillary action."''"A number of green and yellow"'"spots rise to different"'"positions. Each spot is a"'"different coloured compound.":
1 "The chlorine atom easily loses one electron to give a rare gas electron configuration":
1 "The chloride ion has a single negative charge.":
1 "The change which occurs when"'"magnesium is burned in air is classified as a chemical change":
1 "The Halogens (fluorine,"'"chlorine, bromine and iodine) all form ions with a single"'"negative charge."'''" - - - -"'" F Cl Br I":
1 "Solid sodium chloride consists of sodium ions and chloride ionsheld together by electrostatic attraction."''"The regular arrangement of ions is called an ionic crystal"'"lattice.":
1 "Solid sodium chloride conducts electricity":
1 "Sodium configuration: 2,8,1"''"Neon configuration: 2,8"''"Sodium easily loses its one"'"outer shell electron to give a configuration of 2,8 - the same as that of neon."''
1 "Sodium chloride is an ionic"'"solid at room temperature and pressure":
1 "Silver-grey magnesium metal"'"burns with a brilliant white"'"flame to form a white powder."''"A considerable amount of heat is given out, and the change"'"cannot be easily reversed.":
1 "Sand and water together form a mixture."''"No new chemical substances are formed when this mixture is"'"separated. The water and the"'"sand were present both before and after the filtration."''"A change which does not involve the creation of new chemical"'"substances is classified as a physical change.":
1 "Physical separation techniques include:"''" filtration"'" distillation"'" chromatography"''"These methods can only be"'"used to separate
1 "Oxygen is a gas at room"'"temperature and pressure":
1 "Oxygen consists of small,"'"diatomic molecules:"''," O"'," 2"''"The forces of attraction betweenthese molecules are very weak."''"As a result, oxygen is a gas at room temperature and pressure.":
1 "Oxygen can form both ionic and covalent bonds":
1 "Oxygen (2,6) can get a rare gas electron configuration by:"'''"(1) Gaining two electrons to"'"form the oxide ion as in"'"magnesium oxide."''"(2) Forming two covalent bonds as in water.":
1 "Non-metals which exist as small molecules do have low melting points (e.g. nitrogen and"'"chlorine)."''"However, non-metals with giant covalent lattice structures havevery high melting points"'"(e.g. carbon and silicon)."''"
1 "Nitrogen is in Group 5B of the Periodic Table, It has
1 "Nitrogen has the electron"'"configuration 2,5."''"If it gains a share in three"'"more electrons, it will have a configuration like that of neon (2,8)."'"It can do this by forming three covalent bonds, as in the"'"ammonia molecule:"'
1 "Most carbon atoms have 6 protonsand 6 neutrons in the nucleus (6+6 gives a
1 "Magnesium reacts with oxygen"'"from the air to form a new"'"compound":
1 "Magnesium is in Group 2A of the periodic table":
1 "Magnesium is in Group 2A of the Periodic Table because it has similar physical and chemical properties to the other elementsin the group."''"The Group 2A elements are:"''"
1 "Liquid oxygen boils at -183 and liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees Celsius."''"The small difference in boiling points allows the two liquids tobe separated by fractional"'"distillation."''"The liquid nitrogen has the"'"lower boiling point, and so"'"distils off first.":
1 "Liquid oxygen and liquid"'"nitrogen have different boiling points":
1 "Liquid air is separated into"'"oxygen and nitrogen by"'"
1 "Liquefied air can be separated into oxygen and nitrogen by"'"simple distillation":
1 "Iron and sulphur combine in"'"fixed proportions by mass to"'"form iron sulphide":
1 "Iodine is an element in Group 7Bof the Periodic Table."''"It has seven outer shell"'"electrons - one less than the rare gas xenon, which has eight.":
1 "Iodine exists as small covalent molecules (I )."'
1 "Iodine dissolves well in organicsolvents":
1 "In graphite the carbon atoms arecovalently bonded together in sheets."''"Each carbon atom uses three"'"electrons to form normal"'"covalent bonds to its neighbours"''"The forth outer shell electron of each carbon atom is free to move and carry an electric"'"current - it is
1 "However, zinc dissolving in"'"hydrochloric acid is a
1 "Heat energy must be provided to melt ice":
1 "Grass is ground up with a"'"liquid to extract the pigments (coloured substances)."''"A spot of the solution obtained is placed near the bottom of thechromatography paper."
1 "Graphite is a non-conductor of electricity":
1 "Good, your answer was right."
1 "Each element has its own atomic number."''"All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus and 6 electrons outside it."''"Therefore all carbon atoms"'"have an atomic number of 6.":
1 "Covalent bonds are
1 "Chlorine (2,8,7)
1 "Changes such as water boiling"'"and salt dissolving in water"'"are physical changes":
1 "Boiling is a change of physical state - no new chemical"'"substance is formed."''"When substances like salt or"'"sugar dissolve in water, no new compound is formed. The salt or sugar particles just mix in withthe water."
1 "Attractive forces exist between the water molecules in ice."'"These forces hold the molecules in an orderly crystal structure."''"Heat energy can overcome these attractive forces. Then the "'"molecules can move around freelyas liquid water."''"The molecules are not broken, just separated. No new chemical substance is formed.":
1 "Atoms of different isotopes of an element have different"'"masses."''"Although all carbon atoms have 6 protons, they can have"'"different numbers of neutrons.":
1 "An element is made of"'"indivisible and indestructible particles called molecules":
1 "An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler"'"substances by chemical means":
1 "Although some elements normally exist as molecules, the majoritydo not."''"Molecules can be broken up to give atoms, so they are not"'"indivisible."''"The atomic theory suggests that:"''"
1 "Although both statements are"'"true, there is no simple"'"connection between them."'''"Iodine dissolves well in organicsolvents"'"
1 "All pure samples of the same"'"chemical compound contain the same elements combined in fixed proportions by mass."''"This is because elements consistof atoms which combine together in a fixed ratio when compounds are formed.":
1 "All non-metals have low melting points.":
1 "All metallic elements contain mobile electrons which act as charge carriers."''"Graphite is a form of the
1 "All atoms of carbon have the"'"same mass":
1 "All atoms of carbon have the"'"same atomic number":
1 "A compound consists of two or more elements chemically bonded together":
1 "A compound cannot be separated into simpler substances by"'"physical separation techniques":
1 "A compound and its constituent elements are different chemical substances."''"Different chemical substances"'"have diffent chemical"'"properties.":
1 "A change is described as a"'"physical change if no new"'"substances are formed":
1 "''''"The magnesium ion still has"'"12 protons in the nucleus, but it only has 10 electrons."''''" charge on protons +12"'" charge on electrons -10"''"
1 "''"its atoms can attain more stableelectron configurations by"'"either gaining or sharing"'"electrons.":
1 "'"the inter-molecular attractions between the iodine molecules andthe solvent molecules can over- come the weak forces which hold the iodine molecules together inthe iodine crystal.":
1 "'"no new chemical substances are formed."''"The statement that"':
1 "'"nitrogen -210"'"chlorine -101"'"carbon 3727 (sublimes)"'"silicon 1410":
1 "'"its atomic structure and"'"electron configuration."'''"The Periodic Table is simply a list of the elements arranged in a special way."''"A list cannot
1 " 2+ -"'" Mg
1 why an"'"ion has two positive charges.":
1 which conduct"'"electricity."''"This is because solid compounds do not contain
1 themolecules, chlorine is a gas at room temperature and pressure.":
1 the distance that it travels on the chromatography paper.":
1 shows neither of these properties.":
1 oxygen forms both ionic and covalent bonds."'''"Oxygen forms both ionic and"'"covalent bonds"''"
1 outer shell electrons."'''"Nitrogen configuration: 2,5":
1 one"'"electron giving a configuration like that of argon(2,8,8)."'''" - -"'" Cl + e
1 of"'"substances."''"They cannot break down
1 of hydrogen and oxygen."''"Water can be formed by burning hydrogen in oxygen - a chemical change. A lot of energy is"'"released, and a new substance isformed."''"2H + O
1 of 12).These are atoms of the isotope carbon-12."''"Some carbon atoms contain"'"6 protons and
1 neutrons"'"(6+8 gives a mass number of 14).These are atoms of the isotope carbon-14."''"This means that carbon atoms
1 its solubility in the solvent;
1 is magnetic;"'"
1 is equal to"'"the number of protons in the"'"nucleus of the atom."''"It is also equal to the number of electrons around the nucleus of the neutral atom.":
1 how strongly it is absorbed by the paper."''"Very soluble, weakly absorbed substances move furthest."''"Insoluble, strongly absorbed"'"substances do not move at all."
1 has no reaction."'''"
1 gives odourless hydrogen;
1 gives hydrogen"'"sulphide gas (rotten egg smell);
1 distillation."''"Simple distillation is used to separate a liquid from non-"'"volatile solids."''"To separate liquids with similarboiling points, the repeated"'"condensation and re-evaporation which occurs in a fractionating column is necessary.":
1 dissolves in some"'"organic solvents;"'"
1 charge"'"carriers."''"However, sodium chloride does conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water."''"This is because its ions are"'"then free to move and carry"'"charge.":
1 bonds."''"The chlorine molecule consists of two atoms strongly held"'"together by a covalent bond."''"However, as there are only weak van der Waals forces
1 atoms cannot be created or"'" destroyed (by chemical means);
1 all matter is made of atoms;
1 all atoms of a given element are (chemically) identical.":
1 a"'"conductor of electricity.":
1 a gas at rtp,but this cannot explain
1 Sr strontium
1 Ra radium
1 Mg magnesium
1 Ca calcium
1 Be beryllium
1 Ba barium
1 metal carbon."''"Although graphite has a giant covalent lattice structure, it does have mobile electrons. It is a fairly good conductor of electricity."''"So at least one non-metallic"'"element conducts electricity.":
1 Na + e"''" 2,8,1 2,8 1":
1 Mg + 2e"'"
1 Cl"''"2,8,7 1 2,8,8":
1 2H O 2 2 2"''"The proportions of hydrogen and oxygen combined together are in a fixed ratio.":
1 S
1